So, today I opened the mixer and had a look at the power input board. It is quite simple - no bridge recitifier and no circuit breaker. It has a few huge caps though.
The connector on the back says +/-21.5V DC 500mA. The internal voltage regulators however - AN7812F / AN7815F / AN7912F / AN7915F - can all handle +/- 35V input, so anything between 21.5V and 35V should be fine - it might even work with 18V but this is not guaranteed. Beware that a different voltage than specified may make the voltage regulators run hotter than intended though!
I made a schema of the circuit, it looks like this:
I haven't figured out the value of the ceramic caps though...
Update, dec 2021: The input is in fact DC, but not well regulated, just rectified and filtered with two caps. I wrote a bit more here: https://atosynth.blogspot.com/2021/12/roland-m-240-psu.html